Travel

Travel is the movement of people between relatively distant geographical locations, and can involve travel by foot, bicycle, automobile, train, boat, airplane, or other means, with or without luggage, and can be one way or round trip. Travel can also include relatively short stays between successive movements...

Travel is also defined as an act of traversing through a geographic region or moving from one place to another. This can be temporarily, as is often the case, and can be for a short period of time. Salespersons often travel to different regions in order to generate sales with another company for example.
Travel is kind of like Life, except it happens someplace else. You wake up. You eat. You go out and see things, do things. And you meet people; some of them you get along with, some you don’t. Then you eat again and go to sleep...

Why do people love to travel? 

8 reasons why people all over the world love travel and exactly 

what it is about travel they love with photos of exotic travel ...

Airfarewatchdog, TripAdvisor and Trivago

Most Festive Christmas Cities

There to enjoy a picture-perfect white Christmas

By Jackie Middleton,

Reader’s Digest (Asia)/Travel/December 2016/page 26-28

1. Quebec City, Canada - When the narrow streets of Old Quebec City are covered in a dusting of snow, it feels like you've wandered into a Victorian Christmas card come to life. Enjoy the warm hospitality of this charming Canadian city with festive outdoor concerts, holiday markets and the extravagant QuebecAdabra! - an evening festival of music, lights, animation and architectural projections held city-wide. QuebecAdabra! runs from December 22 to January 4, 2017.

Québec City sits on the Saint Lawrence River in Canada's mostly French-speaking Québec province. Dating to 1608, it has a fortified colonial core, Vieux-Québec and Place Royale, with stone buildings and narrow streets. This area is the site of the towering Château Frontenac Hotel and imposing Citadelle of Québec. The Petit Champlain district’s cobblestone streets are lined with bistros and boutiques… Surf for Airfarewatchdog, TripAdvisor and Trivago

2. London, England - The capital is bursting with holiday cheer. Dazzling Christmas lights brighten up Oxford Street, Covent Garden and Carnaby Street. Skating aficionados can go for a seasonal spin on the picturesque rinks in Somerset House, Hyde Park, Canary Wharf and the Tower of London. Love holiday music? St. Martin-in-the-Fields hosts an inspiring line-up of Christmas concerts while London's most famous Christmas tree holds court nearby in Trafalgar Square.

London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom, is a 21st-century city with history stretching back to Roman times. At its centre stand the imposing Houses of Parliament, the iconic ‘Big Ben’ clock tower and Westminster Abbey, site of British monarch coronations. Across the Thames River, the London Eye observation wheel provides panoramic views of the South Bank cultural complex, and the entire city...Surf for Airfarewatchdog, TripAdvisor and Trivago

3. Antwerp, Belgium - Historic buildings and sensational holiday decorations make Antwerp one of Europe’s most popular Christmas destinations. The city centre is buoyant with the spirit of the season thanks to the lively Christmas market and festive evening concerts. Sample mulled wine and Belgian delicacies as you watch the antics of the much- beloved street entertainers.

Antwerp is a port city on Belgium’s River Scheldt, with history dating to the Middle Ages. In its center, the centuries-old Diamond District houses thousands of diamond traders, cutters and polishers. Antwerp’s Flemish Renaissance architecture is typified by the Grote Markt, a central square in the old town. At the 17th-century Rubens House, period rooms display works by the Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens...Surf for Airfarewatchdog, TripAdvisor and Trivago

4. Stuttgart, Germany - A visit to Stuttgart's Christmas festival is like stepping back in time. The medieval Old Palace, vibrant Christmas market and breathtaking illuminations create a seasonal paradise. Skate on the outdoor rink, feast upon grilled sausages and soak up the fairytale ambience in the heart of the city.
Stuttgart, capital of southwest Germany’s Baden-Württemberg state, is known as a manufacturing hub. Mercedes-Benz and Porsche have headquarters and museums here. The city is filled with greenspaces, which wrap around its center. Popular parks include the Schlossgarten, Rosensteinpark and Killesbergpark. Wilhelma, one of the largest zoos and botanical gardens in Europe, is just northeast of Rosenstein Castle... Surf for Airfarewatchdog, TripAdvisor and Trivago

5. Prague, Czech Republic - Prague’s stunning Gothic architecture provides a dramatic setting for its Christmas festivities. At the foot of the Church of Our Lady before Tyn, the Old Town Christmas market sells stocking fillers and treats to the thousands of shoppers who visit each December. Carollers perform seasonal favourites while an elaborately decorated Christmas tree adds to the joyous atmosphere. 
Prague, capital city of the Czech Republic, is bisected by the Vltava River. Nicknamed “the City of a Hundred Spires,” it's known for its Old Town Square, the heart of its historic core, with colorful baroque buildings, Gothic churches and the medieval Astronomical Clock, which gives an animated hourly show. Completed in 1402, pedestrian Charles Bridge is lined with statues of Catholic saints…Surf for Airfarewatchdog, TripAdvisor and Trivago

6. New York, US - If you like your Christmas celebrations bold and over-the-top, make New York City your holiday destination. Manhattan seems even more magnificent at Christmas time. Rockefeller Center’s iconic Christmas tree and outdoor skating rink vie for attention with the beautiful storefront displays at Macy's and Saks 5th Avenue.

Experience the hustle and bustle of New York with impressive window displays.

New York City comprises 5 boroughs sitting where the Hudson River meets the Atlantic Ocean. At its core is Manhattan, a densely populated borough that’s among the world’s major commercial, financial and cultural centers. Its iconic sites include skyscrapers such as the Empire State Building and sprawling Central Park. Broadway theater is staged in neon-lit Times Square… Surf for Airfarewatchdog, TripAdvisor and Trivago

7. Rovaniemi, Finland  - For a storybook Christmas, Rovaniemi in Finland is hard to beat. Lapland’s capital becomes a winter wonderland. The area is illuminated by the spectacular Northern Lights, also known as Aurora Borealis, and this spellbinding astral show can be witnessed around the city from mid- August until early April. This magical place is also the official home of Santa Claus himself and visitors of all ages can meet his reindeer, huskies and elves at Santa Claus Village right on the Arctic Circle.
Rovaniemi is the capital of Lapland, in northern Finland. Almost totally destroyed during World War II, today it’s a modern city known for being the "official" home town of Santa Claus, and for viewing the Northern Lights. It’s home to Arktikum, a museum and science center exploring the Arctic region and the history of Finnish Lapland. The Science Centre Pilke features interactive exhibits on northern forests...Surf for Airfarewatchdog, TripAdvisor and Trivago

MANILA

Manila, the capital of the Philippines, is a densely populated bayside city on the island of Luzon, which mixes Spanish colonial architecture with modern skyscrapers. Intramuros, a walled city in colonial times, is the heart of Old Manila. It’s home to the baroque 16th-century San Agustin Church as well as Fort Santiago, a storied citadel and former military prison.

Local time: Wednesday 7:05 AM

Hotels: 3-star averaging $43, 5-star averaging $130. View hotels

Getting there: 6 h 40 min flight, around $375. View flights

Weather: 81°F (27°C), Wind NE at 1 mph (2 km/h), 100% Humidity

Population: 1.652 million (2010) UNdata

JAKARTA

Jakarta, Indonesia's massive capital, sits on the northwest coast of the island of Java. A historic mix of cultures – Javanese, Malay, Chinese, Arab, Indian and European – has influenced its architecture, language and cuisine. The old town, Kota Tua, is home to Dutch colonial buildings, Glodok (Jakarta’s Chinatown) and the old port of Sunda Kelapa, where traditional wooden schooners dock.

Local time: Wednesday 6:03 AM

Hotels: 3-star averaging $33, 5-star averaging $114. View hotels

Getting there: 4 h 10 min flight, around $135. View flights

Weather: 75°F (24°C), Wind S at 0 mph (0 km/h), 94% Humidity

Population: 9.608 million (2010) UNdata

SINGAPORE

Singapore, an island city-state off southern Malaysia, is a global financial center with a tropical climate and multicultural population. Its colonial core centers on the Padang, a cricket field since the 1830s and now flanked by grand buildings such as City Hall, with its 18 Corinthian columns. In Singapore's circa-1820 Chinatown stands the red-and-gold Buddha Tooth Relic Temple, said to house one of Buddha's teeth.

Dialing code: +65

Currency: Singapore dollar

Population: 5.399 million (2013) World Bank

Prime minister: Lee Hsien Loong

Official languages: English, Tamil, Malay, Standard Mandarin

KUALA LUMPUR

Kuala Lumpur is the capital of Malaysia. Its modern skyline is dominated by the 451m-tall Petronas Twin Towers, a pair of glass-and-steel-clad skyscrapers with Islamic motifs. The towers also offer a public skybridge and observation deck. The city is also home to British colonial-era landmarks such as the Kuala Lumpur Railway Station and the Sultan Abdul Samad Building.

Hotels: 3-star averaging $28, 5-star averaging $91. View hotels

Local time: Wednesday 7:08 AM

Weather: 73°F (23°C), Wind S at 3 mph (5 km/h), 100% Humidity

Population: 1.589 million (2010) UNdata

Colleges and Universities: University of Malaya, More

BANGKOK

Bangkok, Thailand’s capital, is a sprawling metropolis known for its ornate shrines and vibrant street life. The boat-filled Chao Phraya River feeds its network of canals, flowing past the Rattanakosin royal district, home to the opulent Grand Palace and its sacred Emerald Buddha temple. Nearby is Wat Pho with its enormous reclining Buddha and, on the opposite shore, Wat Arun with its steep steps and Khmer-style spire.

The Thai capital became the first Asian city to top the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index, edging out London, the previous No. 1, with 15.98 international visitors who generated an estimated US$14.4 billion. International visitor numbers rose a vigorous 9.8 percent in 2012. Bangkok's top five feeder cities are Singapore, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur and Seoul. Pictured: Royal State Barge cruises past the Grand Palace.

Hotels: 3-star averaging $30, 5-star averaging $100. View hotels

Local time: Monday 11:07 PM

Weather: 80°F (27°C), Wind SE at 3 mph (5 km/h), 85% Humidity

Population: 6.355 million (2000) UNdata

Amphoe: Bangkok Metropolitan Region

LONDON

London, England’s capital, set on the River Thames, is a 21st-century city with history stretching back to Roman times. At its centre stand the imposing Houses of Parliament, the iconic ‘Big Ben’ clock tower and Westminster Abbey, site of British monarch coronations. Across the Thames, the London Eye observation wheel provides panoramic views of the South Bank cultural complex, and the entire city.

Area: 607 mi²

Founded: 43 AD

Local time: Monday 3:39 PM

Weather: 67°F (19°C), Wind SW at 15 mph (24 km/h), 86% Humidity

Hotels: 3-star averaging $160, 5-star averaging $420. View hotels

Mayor: Sadiq Khan

Population: 8.539 million (2014)

Sports teams: Arsenal F.C., Chelsea F.C., West Ham United F.C., More

PARIS

Paris, France's capital, is a major European city and a global center for art, fashion, gastronomy and culture. Its picturesque 19th-century cityscape is crisscrossed by wide boulevards and the River Seine. Beyond such landmarks as the Eiffel Tower and the 12th-century, Gothic Notre-Dame cathedral, the city is known for its cafe culture, and designer boutiques along the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré.

Weather: 62°F (17°C), Wind SW at 8 mph (13 km/h), 90% Humidity

Local time: Monday 4:43 PM

Hotels: 3-star averaging $150, 5-star averaging $450. View hotels

Population: 2.244 million (2010) UNdata

Mayor: Anne Hidalgo

NEW YORK CITY

Home to the Empire State Building, Times Square, Statue of Liberty and other iconic sites, New York City is a fast-paced, globally influential center of art, culture, fashion and finance. The city’s 5 boroughs sit where the Hudson River meets the Atlantic Ocean, with the island borough of Manhattan at the “Big Apple's" core.

Weather: 75°F (24°C), Wind W at 8 mph (13 km/h), 66% Humidity

Hotels: 3-star averaging $200, 5-star averaging $390. View hotels

Local time: Monday 10:44 AM

Population: 8.406 million (2013)

Mayor: Bill de Blasio

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DID YOU KNOW?

Airfarewatchdog as a friendly and knowledgeable neighbor who always has the inside scoop on the latest ... The airlines lower airfares every day without advertising them. Our team of fare experts tells you about these "hidden" fare reductions and alert you to $0 "blooper" fares and other air fare bargains that you might otherwise miss. And we provide straight talk about finding low air fares on the Web...

TripAdvisor is the world's largest travel site*, enabling travelers to plan and book the perfect trip. TripAdvisor offers advice from millions of travelers and a wide variety of travel choices and planning features with seamless links to booking tools that check hundreds of websites to find the best hotel prices...
Trivago is a hotel metasearch which caters to over 120 million travelers every month.Trivago searches through over 900,000 hotel deals, from 250+ booking sites and hotel chains at once. Save up to 78% on Hotels. Compare over 200 Booking Sites! Enjoy Your Stay · Impartial Comparison · Save Time & Money · Fast and Simple Types: City Hotels, Spa Hotels, Luxury Hotels, Eco-Friendly Hotels, Airport Hotels...
Amazon.com, Inc., often referred to as simply Amazon, is an American electronic commerce and cloud computing company with headquarters in Seattle, Washington.  It is the largest Internet-based retailer in the United States and world by total sales and market capitalization Amazon.com started as an online bookstore, later diversifying to sell DVDs, Blu-rays, CDs, video downloads/streaming, MP3 downloads/streaming, audiobook  downloads/streaming,  software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, toys and jewelry... 

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Why do people love to travel?

Why Empire Fell?

When did the Roman empire end? It is still possible to find history books that give a very precise answer to this question. The curtain came down on the Roman empire, so it is usually claimed, on 4 September 476, when a young man by the name of Romulus Augustulus was formally stripped of the imperial purple by a Gothic chieftain and packed off to retirement near Naples. The accident of his name, in this particular version of Rome’s fall, provides the perfect bookend to a thousand years and more of the Roman story. Romulus, after all, had been the founder of the Eternal City, Augustus her first emperor. Now, with the deposition of Augustulus – “the little Augustus” – the line of emperors had come to an end. The light-switch had been turned off. Antiquity was over; the Dark Ages had begun…

How A Political Party Dies?

The Iowa caucus results may have brought a brief reprise from full-scale panic mode among political elites, but there’s no denying that the terrain we’re on now looks nothing like what anyone expected a year ago.

It’s not just the babbling punditocracy that’s been caught with its pants down this election cycle. As Nick Gass noted at Politico recently, Trump’s resilience has confused and confounded political scientists as well—in particular by challenging the thesis of the “seminal 2008 book ‘The Party Decides,'” as Gass calls it. The book’s thesis is fairly straightforward—that for the last several decades, at least, it’s party insiders, not voters, who determine parties’ presidential nominees. By those lights 2016 was always going to be a Bush-Clinton battle of the political dynasties, so it’s not just Trump, but Sanders as well who’s threatening those certainties...

Security Guard

Employment:
Activity Sectors: Security
Description: Bouncer, doorman, guard, and bodyguard

A security guard (or security officer) is a person who is paid to protect property, assets, or people. Security guards are usually privately and formally employed personnel. Often, security officers are uniformed and act to protect property by maintaining a high visibility presence to deter illegal and inappropriate actions, observing (either directly, through patrols, or by watching alarm systems or video cameras) for signs of crime, fire or disorder; then taking action and reporting any incidents to their client and emergency services as appropriate.
Since at least the Middle Ages in Europe, the term watchman was more commonly applied to this function. This term was carried over to North America where it was interchangeable with night-watchman until both terms were replaced with the modern security-based titles. Security guards are sometimes regarded as fulfilling a private policing function.

Contents : 1 Functions and duties, 2 Personnel (2.1 Types of security personnel and companies), 3 Licensing and regulation (3.1 Australia, 3.2 Canada, and 3.3 Europe (3.3.1 Norway), 3.4 Hong Kong (3.4.1 Legislation, 3.4.2 Qualification, 3.4.3 Permit, and 3.4.4 Power of Arrest), 3.5 Israel, 3.6 Malaysia, 3.7 South Africa, 3.8 United States, 4 Security officers and the police, 5 Trends (5.1 Australia, 5.2 UK, and 5.3 USA), 6 History, 7 Notable security guards, 8 Unionization (8.1 Canada, 8.2 United States (8.2.1 Security, Police, and Fire Professionals of America, 8.2.2 United Government Security Officers of America, and 8.2.3 Others), 9 Hazards in the Industry, and 10 References

Functions and duties
Many security firms and proprietary security departments practice the "detect, deter, observe and report" methodology. Security officers are not required to make arrests, but have the authority to make a citizen's arrest, or otherwise act as an agent of law enforcement at the request of a police officer, sheriff, and others.
In addition to the methodology mentioned above, a private security officer's primary duty is the prevention and deterrence of crime. Security personnel enforce company rules and can act to protect lives and property. In fact, they frequently have a contractual obligation to provide these actions. Security officers are often trained to perform arrest and control procedures (including handcuffing and restraints), operate emergency equipment, perform first aid, CPR, take accurate notes, write detailed reports, and perform other tasks as required by the contractee they are serving.
Many security officers are required to go through additional training mandated by the state for the carrying of weapons such as batons, firearms, and pepper spray (e.g. the Bureau of Security and Investigative Services in California has requirements that a license for each item listed must be carried while on duty). Some officers are required to complete police certification for special duties.
Positions are also set to grow in the U.S., with 175,000 new security jobs expected before 2016.[2] In recent years, due to elevated threats of terrorism, most security officers are required to have bomb-threat training and/or emergency crisis training, especially those located in soft target areas such as shopping malls, schools, and any other area where the general public congregate.
One major economic justification for security personnel is that insurance companies (particularly fire insurance carriers) will give substantial rate discounts to sites which have a 24-hour presence; for a high risk or high value venue, the discount can often exceed the money being spent on its security program.
This is because having security on site increases the odds that any fire will be noticed and reported to the local fire department before a total loss occurs. Also, the presence of security personnel (particularly in combination with effective security procedures) tends to diminish "shrinkage," theft, employee misconduct and safety rule violations, property damage, or even sabotage. Many casinos hire security guards to protect money when transferring it from the casino to the casino's bank.
Security personnel may also perform access control at building entrances and vehicle gates; meaning, they ensure that employees and visitors display proper passes or identification before entering the facility. Security officers are often called upon to respond to minor emergencies (lost persons, lockouts, dead vehicle batteries, etc.) and to assist in serious emergencies by guiding emergency responders to the scene of the incident, helping to redirect foot traffic to safe locations, and by documenting what happened on an incident report.
Armed security officers are frequently contracted to respond as law enforcement until a given situation at a client location is under control and/or public authorities arrive on the scene.
Patrolling is usually a large part of a security officer's duties. Often these patrols are logged by use of a guard tour patrol system, which require regular patrols. The most commonly used form used to be mechanical clock systems that required a key for manual punching of a number to a strip of paper inside with the time pre-printed on it.
Recently, electronic systems have risen in popularity due to their light weight, ease of use, and downloadable logging capabilities. Regular patrols are, however, becoming less accepted as an industry standard, as it provides predictability for the would-be criminal, as well as monotony for the security officer on duty.
Random patrols are easily programmed into these systems, allowing greater freedom of movement and unpredictability. Global positioning systems are also easing their way into the market as a more effective means of tracking officer movement and patrol behavior.

Personnel
Although security officers differ greatly from police officers, military personnel, federal agents/officers, and the like, Australia and the United States have a growing proportion of security personnel that have former police or military experience, including senior management personnel. On the other hand, some security officers, young people in particular, use the job as practical experience to use in applying to law enforcement agencies.

Types of security personnel and companies
Security personnel are classified as either of the following
• "in-house" or "proprietary" (i.e. employed by the same company or organization they protect, such as a mall, theme park, or casino); formerly often called works police or security police in the United Kingdom
• "contract," working for a private security company which protects many locations.
• "Public Security," "Private Police Officers," or security police
• "Private Patrol Officers", vehicle patrol officers that protect multiple client premises.
• "Parapolice", aggressive firms that routinely engage in criminal investigation and arrests. 
Industry terms for various security personnel include: security guard, security agent, security officer, safety patrol, private police, company police, security enforcement officer and public safety. Other job titles in the security industry include bouncer, bodyguards, executive protection agent loss prevention, alarm responder, hospital security officer, mall security officer, crime prevention officer, private patrol officer, and private patrol operator.

Cash transport van with a crew of security guards in Guangzhou, China State and local governments sometimes regulate the use of these terms by law—for example, certain words and phrases that "give an impression that he or she is connected in any way with the federal government, a state government, or any political subdivision of a state government" are forbidden for use by California security licensees by Business and Professions Code Section 7582.26. So the terms "private homicide police" or "special agent" would be unlawful for a security licensee to use in California. Similarly, in Canada, various acts specifically prohibits private security personnel from using the terms Probation Officer, law enforcement, police, or police officer.
Alberta and Ontario probibit the use of the term 'Security Officer' which is in widespread use in the United States for many decades. Recent changes to the act have also introduced restrictions on uniform and vehicle colours and markings to make private security personnel clearly distinctive from police personnel. Some sources feel that some of these restrictions are put in place to satisfy the Canadian Police Association. 
There is a marked difference between persons performing the duties historically associated with watchmen and persons who take a more active role in protecting persons and property. The former, often called "guards," are taught the mantra "observe and report," are minimally trained, and not expected to deal with the public or confront criminals.
The latter are often highly trained, sometimes armed depending on contracts agreed upon with clientele, and are more likely to interact with the general public and to confront the criminal element. These employees tend to take pride in the title "Security Officer" or "Protection Officer" and disdain the label of "guard."
Ironically enough, there may be no relationship between duties performed and compensation—many mall "security officers" who are exposed to serious risks make less per hour than "industrial security guards" with less training and responsibility.[7] However, there are now more positions in the security role that separate not just the titles, but the job itself. The roles have progressed and so have the areas for which security people are needed. All security jobs vary in pay and duties at present.
The term "agent" is particularly problematic in the security industry because it can describe not only a civil legal relationship between an employee and their employer or contractor ("agent of the owner" in California PC 602), but also describes a person in government service ("Special Agent Jones of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.") However we should then also consider the fact that this title is also made available to banking agents, loan agents and real estate agents.
Security "agents" found in loss prevention and personal or executive protection (bodyguards) typically work in plainclothes, without a uniform, and are usually highly trained to act lawfully in direct defense of life and/or property. There is also confusion with bail enforcement agents, or as they are popularly known "bounty hunters," who are sometimes regulated by the same agencies which regulate private security.
Security personnel are essentially private citizens, and therefore are bound by the same laws and regulations as the citizenry they are contracted to serve, and therefore are not allowed to represent themselves as law enforcement under penalty of law. 

Licensing and regulation
Australia
Any person who conducts a business or is employed in a security related field within Australia is required to be licensed. Each of the six states and two territories of Australia have separate legislation that covers all security activities. Licensing management in each state/territory is varied and is carried out by either Police, Attorney General's Department, Justice Department or the Department of Consumer Affairs.
New South Wales - (Police) Security Industry Act 1997 & Security Industry Regulation 2007; Victoria - (Police) Private Security Act 2004; Queensland - (Justice & Attorney-General) Security Providers Act 1993; South Australia - (Consumer & Business Affairs) Security and Investigation Agents Act 1995; Western Australia - (Police) Security & Related Activities (Control) Act 1996 & Security & Related Activities (Control) Regulations 1997; Tasmania - (Police) Security and Investigation Agents Act 2002; Northern Territory - (Justice) Private Security Act & Private Security (Security Officer/Crowd Controller/Security Firms/Miscellaneous Matters) Regulations; Australian Capital Territory - (Regulatory Services) Security Industry Act 2003 & Security Industry Regulation 2003. All of this legislation was aimed to enhance the integrity of the private security industry.
All persons licensed to perform security activities are required to undertake a course of professional development in associated streams that are recognised nationally. This has not always been the case and the introduction of this aspect should regulate the educational standards/knowledge base expected so that the particular job can be competently undertaken.
Strict requirements are laid down as to the type of uniform and badging used by security companies. Uniforms or badging that may be confused with a police officer are not permitted similarly, the use of the title 'Security Police' or 'Private Detective' are unacceptable. Whilst the term security guard is used by companies, government bodies and individuals, the term security officer is deemed more suitable. 'Bouncers' are Crowd Controllers and Store Detectives are Loss Prevention or Asset Protection Officers.
Security Officers are not permitted to carry firearms, handcuffs or batons unless they have a legitimate requirement to do so and then only when working and have the appropriate sub-class accreditation to their license.

Canada
In Canada, private security falls under the jurisdiction of Canada's ten provinces and three territories. All ten of Canada's provinces and one of its territories (the Yukon) have legislation that regulates the contract security industry. These eleven jurisdictions require that companies that provide security guard services and their employees be licensed.
Most provinces in Canada regulate the use of handcuffs and weapons (such as firearms and batons) by contract security companies and their employees, either banning such use completely or permitting it only under certain circumstances.
Canada's federal laws also restrict the ability of security guards to be armed. For example, section 17 of Firearms Act makes it an offence for any person, including a security guard, to possess prohibited or restricted firearms (i.e. handguns) anywhere outside of his or her home.
There are two exceptions to this prohibition found in sections 18 and 19 of the Act. Section 18 deals with transportation of firearms while Section 19 deals with allowing persons to carry such firearms on their persons to protect their lives or the lives of other persons, or for the performance of their occupation (Armour Car Guards, Licensed Trappers), provided an Authorization to Carry (ATC) is first obtained.
Main article: Gun politics in Canada#Laws and regulation

British Columbia
Private security in the province of British Columbia is governed by two pieces of legislation: the Security Services Act and the Security Services Regulation.] These laws are administered and enforced by the Security Programs and Police Technology Division of the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General.
The legislation requires that guards must be at least 19 years old, undergo a criminal background check, and successfully complete a training course. As far as weapons, British Columbia law severely restricts their use by security guards. Section 11(1)(c) of the Security Services Regulation prohibits security personnel from carrying or using any "item designed for debilitating or controlling a person or animal", which the government interprets to include all weapons. As well, section 11 forbids private security from using or carrying restraints, such as handcuffs, unless authorized by the government. However, as in other parts of Canada, armoured car guards are permitted to carry firearms.
In the past, only personnel that worked for contract security, that is, security companies, were regulated in British Columbia. However, as of September 1, 2009, in-house security guards and private investigators came under the jurisdiction of the Security Services Act and Security Services Regulation. The same occurred to bodyguards and bouncers, effective November 1, 2009. 

Europe
Armed private security are much rarer in Europe, and nonexistent in many countries, such as the United Kingdom, The Netherlands and Switzerland. In developing countries (with host country permission), an armed security force composed mostly of ex-military personnel is often used to protect corporate assets, particularly in war-torn regions.
As a requirement of the Private Security Industry Act 2001, the UK now requires all contract security guards to have a valid Security Industry Authority license. The licence must be displayed when on duty, although a dispensation may be granted for store detectives, bodyguards and others who need to operate without being identified as a security guard. This dispensation is not available to Vehicle Immobilisers. Licenses are valid for three years and require the holders to undergo formal training, and are also to pass mandatory Criminal Records Bureau checks. Licences for Vehicle Immobilisers are valid for one year. Armed guarding and guarding with a weapon are illegal.
In Finland, all contract security guards are required to have a valid license granted by police. Temporary license is valid for four months and normal license for five years. License requires a minimum 40-hour course for temporary license and 60 hours more for a normal license. Additionally a narrow security vetting is required. The 40-hour course allows the carrying of a fixed-length baton and handcuffs, separate training and license is required for the security guard to carry pepper spray, extendable baton or a firearm. Rehearse of weapons usage is mandatory every year and is regulated by the Ministry of The Interior, to ensure the safe handling of pepper spray and such. In Finland, a security guard has the right to detain a person "red-handed", or seen committing a crime and the right to search the detained individual for harmful items and weapons. An individual who has been forcefully detained can only be released by the police. All companies providing security guarding services are also required to have a valid license from Ministry of the Interior. 
In The Netherlands security guards Beveiligingsbeambte must undergo a criminal backgroundcheck by the local police department in the area where the private security company is located. To become a securtiy guard in The Netherlands a person must complete the basic training level 2 Beveiliger2, to complete the training a trainee must undergo a three month intership with a private security company that is licensed by the svpb, this is the board that controls security exams. A trainee guard must pass for his diploma within one year, if the trainee does not pass he is not allowed to work anymore until the trainee completes his training with a positive result, after a positive result a new ID can be issued and is valid for three years, after that the guard must undergo a backgroundcheck by the local police again. Security guards in The Netherlands are not allowed to carry any kind of weapon or handcuffs. Every uniformed security guard in The Netherlands must have the V symbol on its uniform to ensure the public they are dealing with a private guard, this rule is mandatory by the Ministry of justice. Security uniforms may not look like similar to police uniforms, and may not contain any kind of rank designation, and the collor yellow or gold are not allowed to used because the Dutch police uses gold accents in their uniforms, also wearing a uniformcap is not longer allowed. Every new uniform design or addition must be approved by the ministry of justice before use. A patrol vehicle may not look like a police striped vehicle. The only private security guards that are allowed to carry firearms are those who work for the military or Dutch National bank (De Nederlandsche Bank) this is were the national gold reserve can be found.

Norway
In Norway security officers are called "Vektere", there are a couple of different types of vektere. You have the normal uniformed and/or civil-clothing officers who normally watch over private and semi-public properties. The government can also hire vektere in public places, like for instance the Parliament. The security officers at the Parliament has a little more power by the law than private security officers.

Security officers must undergo three weeks of coursing and internship. They are allowed to work for six months after one week of introduction course. It's also possible to take Security as a High School major, with 2 years of school and 2 years of trainee positions at private companies which will give the officer a certificate from the government. This certificate will make it easier to get a job, and slightly higher pay. It will also make it easier to get a job elsewhere in the security industry. The certificate can also be taken privately by security officers who have had a minimum of 5 years working experience.

In addition to normal "vektere" there also is a special branch for "Ordensvakter" which normally works as bouncers or security at concerts and similar types of events. Ordensvakter has to undergo an extra week of coursing and learn Technics on how to handle drunk people and people on different drugs. They also learn about the alcohol laws of Norway (who are rather strict). The local police in the police district has to approve each Ordensvakt. In the 1990s bouncers had a bad reputation, specially in Oslo for being to brutal and rough with people. And the police had no control over who worked as bouncers. After the government forced training and mandatory ID-cards for bouncers it has gotten much better. And the police of Oslo now even says that Ordensvakter are helping the police finding crime that otherwise would not be reported.

In 2007 several Securitas officers harshly arrested a thief on Karl Johans Gate (the main street of Oslo). This was filmed with a mobile camera by some pedestrians and created a media storm on Security Officers taking the law in their own hands. When it later came to a fact that the thief attacked the security guards when they approached him the charges were dropped on the security guards. But the police said that they would be harsher in the criminal background checking of people working as Security Guards. Before 2007 security guards were checked when they applied for a job, but not while they were working. And the companies employing the guards got massive critic for not checking criminal records suffice, and some times not at all. Now people in private security is being checked annually. And the police have the authority to withdraw the companies licence for operating if they do not send in lists of employees. The Police in Norway has later been widely criticized for not checking this properly, and when they do, Security Guards still work for months before anything is done. The big security company G4s stated after critic from the police about hiring criminals that they cannot do anything about the problem, because the police is the only instance who has the possibility to check the records.

Today it is around 15,000 people working within private security in Norway. For comparison the police have around 10,000 employees in total.
Notable companies operating in Norway:
• Securitas
• G4S
• Vaktservice
• Hafslund infratek
• ISS A/S (formerly Personellsikring)
• ProSec – Professional Security (mainly event security)

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, the term Security Officer refers to a senior staff member who supervises a team of security personnel. The staff who work under security officers' supervision are called Security Guards.
Legislation
Before 1 October 1996, private security personnel were regulated by the Watchmen Ordinance (Chapter 299). However, there were many problems with that system of regulation—for example, there were no restrictions as to whom may establish private security service companies to provide security services to a client. Also, there was no regulation of people whom may perform installation of security systems.
Some employers hired "caretakers" instead of security guards to avoid their responsibilities under the ordinance (in formal definition, "caretakers" are supposed to provide facilities management service, although security service, which provided to residential properties, takes some parts of facilities management service). As a result, the Hong Kong Government enacted a wholly new law, the Security and Guarding Services Ordinance (Chapter 460), to replace the Watchmen Ordinance.
According to the Security and Guarding Services Ordinance: No individual shall do, agree to do, or hold himself/herself out as doing, or as available to do, security work for another person unless he/she does so-
• under and in accordance with a permit; or
• otherwise than for reward. 
security work means any of the following activities-
• guarding any property;
• guarding any person or place for the purpose of preventing or detecting the occurrence of any offence; (Replaced 25 of 2000 s. 2)
• installing, maintaining or repairing a security device;
• designing for any particular premises or place a system incorporating a security device.
security device means a device designed or adapted to be installed in any premises or place, except on or in a vehicle, for the purpose of detecting or recording- (Amended 25 of 2000 s. 2)
• the occurrence of any offence; or
• the presence of an intruder or of an object that persons are, for reasons of security, not permitted to bring onto the premises or place or any other premises or place. 

Qualification
Any applicant who wishes to apply for a Security Personnel Permit (SPP) must:
• He/she have been living in Hong Kong for at least 5 years. (This requirement may have been changed)
• No criminal record.
• At least 18 years old when submitting his/her application.
• Have passed a mandatory 16 hour training course and have been granted a certificate of the course.
• If the applicant is over 65 years old, he/she must submit his/her health examination report.
Although the Security and Guarding Services Industry Authority ( SGSIA ) is the agency in charge of the security service industry, all applicants must submit their application and pay the fee by mail or in person to Hong Kong Police Force(License Section).

Permit
Security Personnel Permit was separated to four types: A, B, C, and D.
• Type A permit holder was permitted to work in a "single-block" residential building; they are not allowed to carry firearms. No age limit.
• Type B permit holder was permitted to work in any type of properties, but they also are not allowed carry firearms. The maximum age limit of this permit is 65.
• Type C permit holder was permitted to work as an armed guard. (Usually, they are members of the cash transport car crew.) The maximum age limit of this permit is 55.
• Type D permit holder was permitted to design, install, and repair security devices. No maximum age limit.
The permit is valid for five years. All holders must renew their permit before it expires, or they will lose their qualification to work, as such, until their permit is renewed.
The type A and Type B security service are gradually combined with property management service, though the boundary between these two industries is unclear.

Power of Arrest
Security Guards in Hong Kong do not have special powers of arrest above that of the ordinary citizen, i.e. citizen's arrest, also known locally as the "101 arrest power." The Section 101 in the Criminal Procedure Ordinance addresses that arrest of an offender by a private citizen is allowed in certain circumstances if the offender is attempting an arrestable offense. Once arrested, the suspect must be delivered to a police office as soon as possible.
An arrestable offence is defined as any crime carrying a sentence of more than 12 months imprisonment. No security personnel are allowed to search other person, nor are they allowed to get personal information from other people, with the exception of some specific circumstances.

A group of security guards in Hong Kong lined up (fall-in) before on duty.

Israel
In Israel, almost all security guards carry a firearm, primarily to prevent terror attacks. Security guards are common: they perform entrance checks at shopping malls, transportation terminals, government and other office buildings, and many stores. Many locations with a high number of visitors, such as the Jerusalem Bus Station, employ X-ray machines to check passenger's bags; in other places, they are opened and visually inspected. As of 2009, private security guards have also replaced official security forces at some checkpoints inside and on the border of the West Bank, as well as the crossings to Gaza.

Malaysia
In August 2007, Malaysia banned hiring of foreign security guards following a rape and murder of a student by a Pakistani security guard. 
Security guard companies need to apply to the Ministry of Internal Security.

South Africa
Main article: Private security industry in South Africa
Security guards along with the rest of the private security industry are regulated under Act 56 of 2001, Private Security Industry Regulation Act.[23]
[edit] United States
Private security guards have outnumbered police officers since the 1980s, predating the heightened concern about security brought on by the September 11, 2001, attacks. The more than 1 million contract security officers, and an equal number of guards estimated to work directly for U.S. corporations, dwarf the nearly 700,000 sworn law enforcement officers in the United States. 
Most states require a license to work as a security officer. This license may include a criminal background check and/or mandated training requirements.
Most security officers do not carry weapons and have the same powers of arrest as a private citizen, called a "private person" arrest, "any person" arrest, or "citizen's arrest." If weapons are carried, additional permits and training are usually required. Armed security personnel are generally used to protect sensitive sites such as government and military installations, armored money transports, casinos, banks (or other financial institutions), nuclear power plants, etc. However, armed security is quickly becoming a standard for vehicle patrol officers and on many other non-government sites.
Security guard/officer continue to gain broader responsibilities. A growing trend is the increased use of private security to support services previously provided by police departments. James F. Pastor addresses substantive legal and public policy issues which directly or indirectly relate to the provision of security services. These can be demonstrated by the logic of alternative or supplemental service providers. The use of private police has particular appeal because property or business owners can directly contract for public safety services, thereby providing welcome relief for municipal budgets. Finally, private police functions can be flexible, depending upon the financial, organizational, political, and situational circumstances of the client. 
Arizona Licensed security companies are required to provide eight hours of pre-assignment training to all persons employed as security guards before the employee acts in the capacity of a security guard. There is a state-mandated curriculum that must be taught, and subjects covered must include criminal law and laws of arrest, uniforms and grooming, communications, use of force, general security procedures, crime scene preservation, ethics and first response. 
California

An ADT Bel-Air Patrol vehicle
Security Guards are required to obtain a license from the Bureau of Security and Investigative Services (BSIS), of the California Department of Consumer Affairs. Applicants must be at least 18 years old, undergo a criminal history background check through the California Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and complete a 40-hour course of required training. This required training is broken down into smaller training sections and time-lines. The first is 8-hours of BSIS-designed instruction on powers to arrest and weapons. Then, within 30 days of getting the individual officers license, they must receive 16-hours of training on various mandatory and elective courses. Finally, within 6-months of getting their license, they must receive an additional 16-hours of training on various mandatory and elective courses.
California security officers are also required to complete 8-hours of annual training on security-related topics, after the first, above mentioned 40-hours are complete.
The training and exam may be administered by any private patrol operator or by any of a large number of certified training facilities. This training can be classroom or online. 
New Jersey As of 2006 all security personnel must undergo a state mandated certified training program. This law commonly referred to SORA is the state's effort to increase the quality of security personnel.
New Mexico As of 2008 all security guards must undergo FBI background checks and a certified training program. Guards who carry firearms must also undergo additional training with a firearm through an approved firearms instructor and pass a phycological exam. The security industry is regulated through New Mexico Regulation and Licensing Division.
Oklahoma Security officers in Oklahoma are licensed by CLEET (Council on Law Enforcement Education and Training). To be licensed as an unarmed officer an individual must be at least 18 years of age and undergo 40 hours of classroom training and pass criminal history checks. Armed guards must be 21 years of age, have another 40 hours of classroom training, qualify with their firearm and pass a psychological evaluation.
Pennsylvania No licensing requirements to be an unarmed security guard. However, armed security guards must undergo and successfully complete a 40 hour training course (including shooting range time) in order to be certified to carry weapons and on watch while on duty under the Lethal Weapons Training Act (commonly referred to as Act 235 certification). Certification involves qualifying on a pistol range, with firing of 50 rounds of ammo larger than a .380acp. You are also required to qualify on a shotgun. The certification is good for five years at which time an eight hour refresher course must be taken or the certification is revoked. 
South Carolina All Security Officers have the same authority and power to make an arrest as Sheriff's Deputies, while on the property they are paid to protect. Most companies prohibit this authority by policy due to lack of confidence and liability fears. Private Officers may respond to calls for service, make arrests and use blue lights and traffic radar. They may also be specially authorized by the State Law Enforcment Division (SLED), to issue Uniform Traffic Tickets to violators. Security Officers are licensed or registered (as appropriate) by SLED for one year at a time. Training for unarmed officers is 8 hours, an additional 8 hours is required for a security weapons permit or a concealed security weapons permit. Additional hours are required to be documented for officers issuing public or private tickets as well as officers that will be using batons, pepper spray or tasers.
Virginia Security officers in Virginia are required to be licensed by DCJS (Department of Criminal Justice Services). To be licensed as an unarmed security officer one must go through 18 hours of classroom training from a licensed instructor in order to obtain this card and it must be done by the end of their 90 days after hire with a Security company. Every two years the card must be renewed, by completing an inservice with a licensed instructor. To be licensed as an armed security officer one must complete an additional 16 hours of firearms training, 6 hours of training in conducting a lawful arrest, and qualification with the type and caliber of weapon they intend to carry. Firearms endorsements must be renewed annually by completing an inservice and passing a firearms qualification. Licensed armed security officers are authorized under state code to arrest [36] for any offense committed in their presence while they are on duty at the location they are hired to protect. They may also be granted the authority by the chief law enforcement officer in their jurisdiction to issue summons to appear in court for felonies and misdemeanors.For more information on DCJS codes and regs click here.
St Louis, Missouri Security officers are required to be licensed by the St Louis County Police or St Louis City Police. St Louis County Security Officer training is a two day class and yearly renewal class. Armed officers must shoot bi-annually to keep their "armed" status. County license is called a Metropolitan License meaning to is good for St Louis City and County. More Info for St Louis County License is available though the County website posted here: St Louis City Web site has all the info regarding licensing requirements due to fact they are the same in city and county.The City web site is posted here. Readers should note that this only applys to persons working in security in St Louis City or St Louis County

Security officers and the police
Security personnel are not police officers, unless they are security police, but are often identified as such due to similar uniforms and behaviors, especially on private property. Security personnel in the U.S. derive their powers from state laws, that allow them a contractual arrangement with clients that give them Agent of the Owner powers.
This includes a nearly unlimited power to question with the absence of probable cause requirements that frequently dog public law enforcement officers, provided that the security officer does not tread on the rights and liberties of others as guaranteed by the United States Constitution.
Some jurisdictions do commission or deputize security officers and give them limited additional powers, particularly when employed in protecting public property such as mass transit stations. This is a special case that is often unique to a particular jurisdiction or locale. Additionally, security officers may also be called upon to act as an agent of law enforcement if a police officer, sheriff's deputy, etc. is in immediate need of help and has no available backup.
Some security officers do reserve police powers and are typically employed directly by governmental agencies. Typically, these are sworn law enforcement personnel whose duties primarily involve the security of a government installation, and are also a special case.
Other local and state governments occasionally enter into special contracts with security agencies to provide patrol services in public areas. These personnel are sometimes referred to as "private police officers."
Sometimes police officers work as security personnel while not on duty. This is usually done for extra income, and work is particularly done in hazardous jobs such as bodyguard work and bouncers outside nightclubs.
Police are called in when a situation warrants a higher degree of authority to act upon reported observations that security does not have the authority to act upon, however, some states allow Licensed Security Officer the full arrest powers equal to that of a Sheriff Deputy.
In 1976, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration's National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals reported:
'One massive resource, filled with significant numbers of personnel, armed with a wide array of technology, and directed by professionals who have spent their entire adult lifetimes learning how to prevent and reduce crime, has not been tapped by governments in the fight against criminality. The private security industry, with over one million workers, sophisticated alarm systems and perimeter safeguards, armored trucks, sophisticated mini-computers, and thousands of highly skilled crime prevention experts, offers a potential for coping with crime that can not be equalled by any other remedy or approach...Underutilized by police, all but ignored by prosecutors and the judiciary, and unknown to corrections officials, the private security professional may be the only person in this society who has the knowledge to effectively prevent crime.'
In New York, the Area Police/Private Security Liaison program was organized in 1986 by the NYPD commissioner and four former police chiefs working in the private security industry to promote mutual respect, cross-training, and sharing of crime-related information between public police and private security.
Trends
Australia
Private Security personnel initially outnumbered police. From the Australian Bureau of Statistics Report in 2006 there were 52,768 full-time security officers in the security industry compared to 44,898 police officers. But since Security Industry Regulation Act 2007 it has droped to less than half that.

UK
The trend in the UK at the time of writing (March 2008) is one of polarisation. The market in Manned Guarding (the security industry term for the security guards most people are familiar with) is diverging toward two opposite extremes; one typified by a highly trained and well paid security officer; the other with security officers on or about minimum wage with only the minimum training required by law.
Within the “in-house” sector, where security personnel are not subject to licensing under the Private Security Industry Act 2001, the same divergence can be seen; with some companies opting for in-house security to maintain control of their standards, whilst others use it as a route to cheaper, non-regulated, security.

USA
Economist Robert B. Reich, in his 1991 book The Work of Nations, stated that in the United States, the number of private security guards and officers was comparable to the number of publicly paid police officers. He used this phenomenon as an example of the general withdrawal of the affluent from existing communities where governments provide public services.
Instead, the wealthy pay to provide their own premium services, through voluntary, exclusive associations. As taxpayer resistance has limited government budgets, and as the demand for secure homes in gated communities has grown, these trends have continued in the 1990s and 2000s.
In the aftermath of 9/11, the trend in the US is one of a quiet transformation of the role of security guards into first responders in case of a terrorist attack or major disaster. This has resulted in longer guard instruction hours, extra training in Terrorism tactics and increased laws governing private security companies in some states. 

History
The vigiles were soldiers assigned to guard the city of Rome, often credited as the origin of both security personnel and police, although their principal duty was as a fire brigade. There have been night watchmen since at least the Middle Ages in Europe; walled cities of ancient times also had watchmen. A special chair appeared in Europe sometime in the late Middle Ages, called the watchman's chair; this unupholstered wooden chair had a forward slanting seat to prevent the watchman from dozing off during his watch.

Notable security guards
• The security guard Frank Wills detected the Watergate burglars, ultimately leading to the resignation of Richard M. Nixon as President of the United States.
• Christoph Meili, night guard at a Swiss bank, became a whistle blower in 1997. He told about the bank destroying records related to funds of Holocaust victims, whose money the bank was supposed to return to their heirs.
• In 1999, Pierlucio Tinazzi rescued 10 victims from the Mont Blanc Tunnel Fire, before dying while trying to rescue an 11th.
• In 2001, Gary Coleman, former child actor, was employed as a shopping mall security guard in the Los Angeles area. Whilst shopping for a bullet-proof vest for his job, Coleman assaulted a female autograph collector. Coleman said he felt "threatened by her insistence" and punched her in the head.
• He was later charged for the assault and ordered to pay her $1,665 for hospital bills.
• Derrick Brun, an unarmed security guard employed by the Red Lake School District in Minnesota, was praised by President Bush for his heroic role in protecting children during the 2005 Red Lake High School Massacre: "Derrick's bravery cost him his life, and all Americans honor him".[43][44]
• In 2007, Matthew Murray fatally shot two and wounded two others at the Youth With A Mission retreat center in Arvada Colorado. A few hours later he fatally shot two others and wounded another three in the New Life Church parking lot. When Murray entered the church, he was met by armed security guard Jeanne Assam, who ordered him to drop his weapon. Assam shot and wounded Murray when he failed to comply. The pastor of New Life Church credited Assam with saving over 100 lives. 

Unionization
Canada
Many security guards in Canada are unionized. The primary unions which represent security guards in Canada are the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW), Local 333, and the Canadian branch of the United Steelworkers (USW). In contrast to the legal restrictions in the United States, Canadian labor relations boards will certify bargaining units of security guards for a Canadian Labour Congress (CLC)-affiliated union or in the same union with other classifications of employees.

United States
In June, 1947, the United States Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act placing many restrictions on labor unions. Section 9 (B) (3) of the act prevents the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) from certifying for collective bargaining any unit which mixes security employees with non-security employees. This restricts the ability of security employees to join any union that also represents other types of employees.
They may be part of an independent, "security-only" union, not affiliated with any coalition of other types of labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO). A union which also represents non-security employees may also represent and bargain on behalf of security employees with the employer's consent.
Two of the largest security unions are the Security, Police, and Fire Professionals of America (SPFPA) and the United Government Security Officers of America (UGSOA).

Security, Police, and Fire Professionals of America
In 1948 with the Taft-Hartley restrictions well into effect, the Detroit, Michigan area security guards of United Auto Workers (UAW) Amalgamated Local 114 were forced to break away and start a separate "Plant Guards Organizing Committee". The NLRB ruled that as an affiliate of the CIO, the committee was indirectly affiliated with production unions and therefore ineligible for certification under the new restrictions.
The committee was then forced to completely withdraw from the CIO and start the independent United Plant Guard Workers of America. By the 1990s, this union had evolved to include many other types of security officers and changed its name to the SPFPA.

United Government Security Officers of America
In 1992, the USGOA was formed. It specializes in organizing federal, state, and local government security officers, but since May, 2000 has been open to representing other types of security personnel as well.

Others
The Service Employees International Union (SEIU) has also sought to represent security employees, although its efforts have been complicated by the Taft-Harley Act because the SEIU also represents janitors, trash collectors, and other building service employees.

Hazards in the Industry
Security personnel often are exposed to physical and physiological trauma that can have lasting effects.This has always been an issue but the 21st century’s more violent and angry culture combined with drug and alcohol related violence results in more instances of security personnel being physically or verbally abused.
Other contributing factors are high workload, long hours, low pay, boredom and disregard of industry standards by employers and clients e.g. break times, access to bathrooms and facilities ECT.
Another problem particularly in NSW Australia is the severe security officer shortage brought on by the rushed Security Industry Regulation Act 2007 (which has been nicknamed the Crimpers act).This act was approved by David Andrew Campbell who at the time was Minister for Illawarra and acting police commissioner and had signed the Act for both parties.
See also: Airport security, Access control, Armored car (valuables), Bodyguard, Bounty hunter, Certified Protection Officer, Commissionaire, Hotel Detective, Loss prevention, Physical Security, 
• Private military company, Private security company, Private investigator, Security SORA Training, Security police, Store detective, Traffic Guard, Transportation security officer, List of Private Security Companies, and Use of force continuum



NATIONAL SECURITY GUARDS 
The National Security Guard (NSG) is a Special Response Unit in India that has primarily been utilized for counter-terrorism activities and was created by the Cabinet Secretariat under the National Security Guard Act of the Indian Parliament in 1986. It works completely within the Central Paramilitary Force structure. Motto: Sarvatra Sarvottam Surakhsha or Everywhere the Best Protection.
The NSG operates under the oversight of the Ministry of Home Affairs and is headed by the Director General of the Indian Police Service (IPS). The DG has always been an IPS officer whereas the recruitment is done from the Central Paramilitary Forces Of India and the Indian Armed Forces .
The NSG members are also known as Black Cats because of the black drill cotton coveralls and balaclavas or helmets they wear.
Contents: 1 Functions, 2 History, 2.1 Former chiefs, 3 Criticism, 4 Equipment (4.1 Upgrades after 26/11) , and 5 See also


Functions
The NSG's roles include protecting VIPs, conducting anti-sabotage checks, rescuing hostages, neutralizing terrorist threats to vital installations, engaging terrorists and responding to hijacking and piracy.
The NSG is much sought after for VVIP security for high-risk VVIPs in India, more as a status symbol by the policitians; this task is done by the Special Rangers group(SRG) of the NSG. The Special Action Group is the strike force in anti-terrorist and anti-hijack operations, supported by the SRG and others.
The NSG's specific goals include:
• Neutralization of terrorist threats
• Handling hijacking situations in air and on land.
• Bomb disposal (search, detection and neutralisation of IEDs).
• PBI (Post Blast Investigation)
• Engaging and neutralizing terrorists in specific situations.
• Hostage Rescue
The NSG has a total personnel strength of about 14,500. The NSG is modelled on Germany's GSG 9 (Grenzschutzgruppe 9 or "Border Guard Group 9"). It is a task-oriented force and has two complementary elements in the form of the Special Action Group (SAG) and the Special Ranger Groups (SRG). All the personnel in the SAGs and some support units, training and HQ are on deputation from Indian Armed Forces, the rest being drawn from the central police organizations.
The SAG is the offensive wing drawn from units of the Indian Army. The SRG consists of members from Central Paramilitary Forces (CPFs) and Central Police Organisations (CPOs) such as the Border Security Force (BSF), the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and State Police forces .
The NSG Training Centre is a Centre of Excellence and the National Bomb Data Centre holds international conferences. Both are located at Manesar in Haryana. The NSG Headquarters Exchange is located at Mehramnagar, Palam.

History
The NSG was established under the National Security Guard Act of 1986. The NSG was formed after an analysis of 1984 Operation Blue Star. During this operation, in which the Indian Army removed Sikh militants who had seized control of the Golden Temple, there was significant civilian collateral casualties. The temple also suffered damages during that operation. The operation highlighted the need for a force specialising in counter-terrorist operations with greater efficiency.
The NSG commandos were first used to combat the insurgency movement in the Indian state of Punjab in 1986. They are now primarily utilised for counter-terrorist activities and have seen combat operations in Jammu and Kashmir, though sparingly.
NSG deployments are usually not made public, with most of its operations remaining classified.
Some of the NSG's known operations include:
• 30 April 1986 - 12 May 1988 — attack on Khalistani militants hiding in the Golden Temple during Operation Black Thunder II
• 25 April 1993 — rescue of hijacked plane Indian Airlines Boeing 737 by Islamic militants during Operation Ashwamedh
• October, 1998 — major combat missions in Jammu and Kashmir
• 15 July 1999 — rescue of 12 hostages held by armed terrorists who had stormed an apartment complex in Kashmir and killed 4 people
• 25 September 2002 — Operation Vajra Shakti to free hostages held by terrorists who had killed 29 worshippers at the Akshardham temple in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. They suffered their first combat death in this operation. A second commando, who was seriously injured and was in a coma, died after 18 months.
• 26 November 2008 Mumbai attacks — Operation Black Tornado and Operation Cyclone to flush out terrorists & rescue hostages after multiple attacks across Mumbai, India. Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan and Havaldar Gajender Singh Bisht of the Special Action Group lost their lives during the operations.
As on December 2008, Germany offered to give additional assistance and training to the NSG by the famous GSG-9. 
Additionally,post 26/11, equipment upgrades have been sanctioned and most of the proposed items have been procured and deployed, most notably the CornerShot weapon system.

chiefs
The following had commanded the NSG in the past:[1]
• RT Nagrani
• MC Mishra
• KL Watts
• SD Pandey
• HP Bhatnagar
• Ved Marwah
• DVLN Ramakrishna Rao
• Dr S Subramanian
• RK Wadehra
• BJS Sial
• AK Tandon • RD Tyagi
• GS Pandher
• T R Kakkar
• Nikhil Kumar
• Gurbachan Jagat
• Dr GS Rajagopal
• S C Chaube
• R.S. Mooshahary
• G S rajgopal
• Jyoti Krishna Dutt
• NPS Aulakh
• R K Medhekar
Criticism
There have been several occasions where the lack of proper transportation has hampered the response time of the unit. This was evident during the 1999 hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight 814 when the unit was stuck in rush hour traffic due to a lack of helicopters. During the Mumbai attacks, the unit was delayed due to lack of aircraft in Delhi and then lack of ground transportation in Mumbai. 
In response to criticism of the time taken for the NSG commandos to arrive in Mumbai from their base in Manesar, Haryana during the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, the Government of India has decided to deploy NSG contingents in major cities across India like Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Chennai. 
A large number of SRG personnel of the National Security Guards are assigned as bodyguards for various political leaders leaving a significantly lesser number of rangers who may be able to assist when the need arises. 
However, after a recent media uproar, many of the NSG commandos were reassigned from their bodyguard positions back to active duty. 

Equipment
• Browning Hi-Power 9mm Semi-automatic pistol
• Glock 17 9mm Semi-automatic Pistol
• Glock 19 9mm Semi-automatic Pistol
• SIG P226 9mm Semi-automatic Pistol
• Heckler & Koch M-512 12 Gauge Shotgun
• 1A SMG 9mm Sub-machine gun
• Heckler & Koch MP5 A3,A5 and SD3 9mm Submachine Gun
• AKM 7.62x39mm Assault Rifle
• SIG SG 551 5.56mm NATO Assault Rifle
• Mauser SP66 7.62mm NATO Bolt-Action Sniper Rifle
• Steyr SSG 69 7.62mm NATO Bolt-Action Sniper Rifle
• SIG-Sauer SSG 3000 7.62mm NATO Bolt-Action Sniper Rifle
• Heckler & Koch MSG-90 7.62mm NATO Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle
• Heckler & Koch PSG1 7.62mm NATO Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle
• AGS-17 30mm automatic grenade launcher

Upgrades after 26/11
• CornerShot Guns
• Laser Designator
• Advance Audio Communication Set
• GPS & GPRS Technological Systems
• Wall Surveillance Radars
• Portable X-RAY MACHINE
• Night Vision Devices
• Protective Goggles
• Special Tactical Gears
• Thermal Imaging Cameras [13]
• Mini Remotely Operated Vehicles
• Non skid shoes
• Ghillie suits
• Helmet with in built hands free communication
• Level 3 bullet-proof vest
• Knee pad and elbow pads
• SIG SG 553
• Taser
• Chartered helicopters and ability to use civilian aircraft for emergencies.
• Anti-Materiel Rifles like the OFB produced Vidhwansak and possibly the Russian made OSV-96.

See also
• Special Forces of India, Paramilitary forces of India, and List of special response units